Privacy Issues in the Community College Workplace

demonstrated that decreased peripheral vision compromises a driver’s ability to perform safely as compared to a person without that impairment.

3. C ASE S TUDY ON P RE -E MPLOYMENT M EDICAL E XAMINATIONS Norman-Bloodsaw v. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories 166

Present and former employees, who, as applicants, submitted to a medical examination following a conditional offer, brought suit alleging a violation of the ADA and the right to privacy under the United States and the California Constitutions alleging that the tests performed were neither job-related nor required by business necessity. In the course of the pre-employment physical examinations, the applicants completed medical history questionnaires and provided blood and urine samples. The questionnaires asked, among other things, whether they had ever had any one of approximately 61 medical conditions including, but not limited to, sickle cell anemia, venereal disease and, in the case of women, menstrual disorders. In addition, the blood and urine samples were tested for syphilis. Blood samples provided by African-American applicants were also tested for sickle cell trait and blood samples provided by female applicants were tested for pregnancy. The applicants and employees alleged that the testing for syphilis, sickle cell trait, and pregnancy occurred without their knowledge or consent, and without any subsequent notification that the tests had been conducted. The Ninth Circuit found for the applicants as to their constitutional claims in ruling that that the scope of the physical extended beyond the reasonable expectations of an occupational health exam, as the employer tested for intimate medical conditions bearing no relationship to their job duties or working conditions as clerical employees.

G. C URRENT E MPLOYEES The general rule is that an employer may not inquire about a current employee’s medical condition or require a current employee to undergo a medical examination. 167 There are, however, several very important exceptions to this rule, such as fitness for duty examinations (discussed in Section 6), and an employee’s request for a reasonable accommodation.

A fitness for duty examination or inquiry into a request for reasonable accommodation must be job-related and consistent with business necessity. 168

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